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90000 Rotavirus — Symptoms and causes 90001 90002 Overview 90003 90004 Rotavirus is a very contagious virus that causes diarrhea. It’s the most common cause of diarrhea in infants and children worldwide, resulting in over 215,000 deaths annually. Before the development of a vaccine, most children in the United States had been infected with the virus at least once by age 5. 90005 90004 Although rotavirus infections are unpleasant, you can usually treat this infection at home with extra fluids to prevent dehydration.Occasionally, severe dehydration requires intravenous fluids in the hospital. Dehydration is a serious complication of rotavirus and a major cause of childhood deaths in developing countries. 90005 90004 Good hygiene, such as washing your hands regularly, is important. But vaccination is the best way to prevent rotavirus infection. 90005 90002 Symptoms 90003 90004 A rotavirus infection usually starts within two days of exposure to the virus.Initial symptoms are a fever and vomiting, followed by three to eight days of watery diarrhea. The infection can cause abdominal pain as well. 90005 90004 In adults who are otherwise healthy, a rotavirus infection may cause only mild signs and symptoms or none at all. 90005 90016 When to see a doctor 90017 90004 Call your child’s doctor if your child: 90005 90020 90021 Has diarrhea for more than 24 hours 90022 90021 Has frequent episodes of vomiting 90022 90021 Has black or tarry stool or stool containing blood or pus 90022 90021 Has a temperature of 104 F (40 C) or higher 90022 90021 Seems lethargic, irritable or in pain 90022 90021 Has signs or symptoms of dehydration, including dry mouth, crying without tears, little or no urination, unusual sleepiness, or unresponsiveness 90022 90033 90004 If you’re an adult, call your doctor if you: 90005 90020 90021 Can not keep liquids down for 24 hours 90022 90021 Have diarrhea for more than two days 90022 90021 Have blood in your vomit or bowel movements 90022 90021 Have a temperature higher than 103 F (39.4 C) 90022 90021 Have signs or symptoms of dehydration, including excessive thirst, dry mouth, little or no urination, severe weakness, dizziness on standing, or lightheadedness 90022 90033 90002 Causes 90003 90004 Rotavirus is present in an infected person’s stool several days before symptoms appear and for up to 10 days after symptoms subside. The virus spreads easily through hand-to-mouth contact throughout this time — even if the infected person does not have symptoms.90005 90004 If you have rotavirus and you do not wash your hands after using the toilet — or your child has rotavirus and you do not wash your hands after changing your child’s diaper or helping your child use the toilet — the virus can spread to anything you touch, including food, toys and utensils. If another person touches your unwashed hands or a contaminated object and then touches his or her mouth, an infection may follow. The virus can remain infectious on surfaces for weeks or longer if the area is not disinfected.90005 90004 Because there are many types of rotavirus, it’s possible to be infected more than once, even if you’ve been vaccinated. However, repeat infections are typically less severe. 90005 90002 Risk factors 90003 90004 Rotavirus infections are common in children ages 3 to 35 months — particularly those who spend time in child care settings. Older adults and adults caring for young children have an increased risk of infection as well. 90005 90004 In the United States, the risk of rotavirus is highest in winter and spring.90005 90002 Complications 90003 90004 Severe diarrhea can lead to dehydration, particularly in young children. Left untreated, dehydration can become a life-threatening condition regardless of its cause. 90005 90002 Prevention 90003 90004 To reduce the spread of rotavirus, wash your hands thoroughly and often — especially after you use the toilet, change your child’s diaper or help your child use the toilet. But even strict hand-washing does not offer any guarantees.90005 90004 There are two vaccines available to prevent rotavirus infection: 90005 90020 90021 90074 RotaTeq. 90075 This vaccine is given by mouth in three doses, often at ages 2 months, 4 months and 6 months. The vaccine is not approved for use in older children or adults. 90022 90021 90074 Rotarix. 90075 This vaccine is a liquid given in two doses to infants at ages 2 months and 4 months. 90022 90033 90004 Sometimes a part of the intestine can fold back onto itself (intussusception).This can cause a life-threatening intestinal blockage. Intussusception is a very rare but life-threatening side effect of the rotavirus vaccine. Children who have had intussusception before are more likely to have it again after receiving the rotavirus vaccine. For this reason, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends that the rotavirus vaccine not be given to children who have a history of intussusception. 90005 90004 For children who do not have a history of intussusception, there is a very small risk that it can develop after the rotavirus vaccine is given.Even so, the benefits of the vaccine far outweigh the risks. Since the rotavirus vaccines became available, studies have shown that they prevent thousands of children from becoming sick and being hospitalized each year. 90005 90004 If your child has stomach pain, vomiting, diarrhea, blood in his or her stool, or a change in bowel movements after getting the rotavirus vaccine, contact your doctor immediately. 90005 90088 .90000 Rotavirus: Symptoms, Transmission, and Treatment 90001 90002 Rotavirus is a type of infection that’s most common in children under the age of 5. It’s highly contagious and easily transmittable. While it occurs most often in young children, adults can also get the infection, although it’s usually less severe. 90003 90002 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that before the rotavirus vaccine was introduced in 2006, the infection led to the following yearly statistics in children age 5 and younger in the United States: 90003 90006 90007 400,000 visits to the pediatrician 90008 90007 between 55,000 and 70,000 hospital stays 90008 90007 at least 200,000 emergency room intakes 90008 90007 between 20 and 60 deaths 90008 90015 90002 The vaccine is over 90 percent effective in preventing severe rotavirus disease.90003 90002 The rotavirus is not treated with medications. It usually resolves on its own with time. However, dehydration is a serious concern. Knowing when to seek medical intervention is essential to prevent life-threatening complications. 90003 90020 Rotavirus in children 90021 90002 Symptoms of rotavirus tend to be most prominent in children. According to the Mayo Clinic, symptoms can start within two days after being exposed to the rotavirus. The most common symptom of rotavirus is severe diarrhea.Children can also experience: 90003 90006 90007 vomiting 90008 90007 severe fatigue 90008 90007 a high fever 90008 90007 irritability 90008 90007 dehydration 90008 90007 abdominal pain 90008 90015 90002 Dehydration is the greatest concern in children. This age group is more vulnerable to a loss of fluid and electrolytes through vomiting and diarrhea because of they have smaller body weights. You’ll need to monitor your child carefully for symptoms of dehydration, such as: 90003 90006 90007 dry mouth 90008 90007 cool skin 90008 90007 lack of tears when crying 90008 90007 reduced urination frequency (or fewer wet diapers in infants) 90008 90007 sunken eyes 90008 90015 90020 Rotavirus in adults 90021 90002 Adults might also experience some of the symptoms of rotavirus.However, many healthy adults experience them to a lesser degree. Some adults infected with rotavirus may not even experience any symptoms at all. 90003 90002 During the course of the infection, your child might first get a fever and vomit. Watery diarrhea can then occur between three and seven days thereafter. The infection itself can last for 10 days in your stool after your symptoms go away. 90003 90002 You may need to see a doctor if your symptoms do not improve within a few days or if they get worse.Rotavirus is diagnosed via a stool sample in a medical lab. 90003 90002 Rotavirus is present in stool and is mainly transmitted between hand and mouth contact. 90003 90002 If you touch a person or object carrying the virus and then touch your mouth, you could develop the infection. This is most common from not washing your hands after using the toilet or changing diapers. 90003 90002 Infants and children under age 3 are at the highest risk for rotavirus infection. Being in daycare also raises their risk.You might consider taking extra precautions during winter and spring months, as more infections occur this time of year. 90003 90002 The virus can also remain on surfaces for several days (and possibly weeks) after an infected person touches them. This is why it’s crucial to disinfect all common surfaces in your home frequently, especially if a member of your household has rotavirus. 90003 90002 There are not any medications or treatments that will make the rotavirus go away. This includes antiviral medications, over-the-counter antidiarrheal drugs, and antibiotics.90003 90002 In terms of treatment, the goal is to stay hydrated and comfortable while the virus works its way out of your system. Here are a few tips for what to do in the meantime: 90003 90006 90007 Drink plenty of fluids. 90008 90007 Eat broth-based soups. 90008 90007 Take Pedialyte or other fluids with electrolytes (especially important for children). 90008 90007 Eat a diet of bland foods, such as white toast and saltines. 90008 90007 Avoid sugary or fatty foods as these can make diarrhea worse.90008 90015 90002 If your child has the following symptoms, call your doctor: 90003 90006 90007 constant vomiting 90008 90007 frequent diarrhea for 24 hours or longer 90008 90007 inability to keep fluids down 90008 90007 a fever of 104 ° F (40 ° C) or higher 90008 90015 90002 You should call 911 or seek emergency medical attention if your child has an unresponsive composure or signs of lethargy. 90003 90002 Hospitalization is only required for infections that have caused severe dehydration.This is especially the case in children. Your doctor will administer intravenous (IV) fluids to help prevent life-threatening complications. 90003 90002 The rotavirus vaccine was first introduced on the market in 2006. Before this time, it was commonplace for young children to have at least one bout of rotavirus infection. 90003 90002 Since the vaccine was introduced, hospitalizations and deaths from rotavirus have dropped significantly. 90003 90002 You can help prevent rotavirus and its complications by making sure your child gets vaccinated.The vaccine comes in two forms: 90003 90006 90007 Rotarix for infants 6 to 24 weeks old 90008 90007 RotaTeq for infants 6 to 32 weeks old 90008 90015 90002 Both of these vaccines are oral, which means they are administered by mouth, not with an injection . 90003 90002 There is no vaccine available for older children and adults. This is why health professionals recommend getting the rotavirus vaccine for your child at a young age while you can. 90003 90002 Although the rotavirus vaccine prevents nearly all severe cases of infection, no vaccine is 100 percent effective.You can talk to your pediatrician about the risks versus benefits of this type of vaccine, and whether it’s the best preventive measure for your child. 90003 90002 Babies with severe combined immunodeficiency or intussusception, or who are already severely ill should not get the vaccine. 90003 90002 Rare side effects of the vaccine include: 90003 90006 90007 diarrhea 90008 90007 fever 90008 90007 fussiness 90008 90007 irritability 90008 90007 intussusception (very rare) 90008 90015 90002 Severe dehydration is a serious complication of rotavirus.It’s also the most common cause of rotavirus-related deaths worldwide. Children are the most susceptible. 90003 90002 You should call your pediatrician if your child exhibits any symptoms of rotavirus to help prevent complications. 90003 90002 Vaccinations are the best way to prevent rotavirus, especially in young children. You can also help prevent spreading the infection by washing your hands frequently, particularly before eating. 90003.90000 Rotavirus infection in a child: treatment and encouraging prognosis 90001 90002 One of the most common intestinal infectionsin childhood is rotavirus infection, the causative agent of which is considered rotavirus rights. Of course, this pathology is detected at any age, but most often it affects children from six months to two. If we talk about adult infection, then it is observed only when caring for a sick child. When diagnosing pathology, rotavirus infection in a child should be treated immediately, otherwise the general condition of the patient may worsen.90003 90002 What is the pathogenesis of the disease? When ingested, the pathogenic virus rapidly multiplies in the cells of the gastrointestinal mucosa and exits with feces, and its output is observed from the first days of infection, as well as the first symptoms. In the child’s organism, rotavirus provokes acute outbreaks of spontaneous diarrhea, affecting the mucosa of the small intestine and stomach, developing gastroenteritis. Such lesions are extremely undesirable for a child’s body, because not only violate the digestion of food, but threaten to dehydrate the body, which is fraught with sad consequences.Especially if there is a rotavirus infection in children under one year. Also, by means of a pathogenic virus, microplasma infection can become aggravated. 90003 90002 In general, the clinical outcome of the disease is quitefavorable, however, a timely response is needed. Often the child begins severe diarrhea, which can last several days. The incubation period lasts up to two days, and after infection the child becomes restless, the appetite is broken. In addition, there is a rapid temperature jump, spasms in the stomach, accompanied by vomiting.If we talk about diarrhea, the feces are predominantly a liquid consistency with a predominance of mucus and foam, a greenish shade, which is already a cause for concern. Usually, such symptoms are pronounced only at the initial stage of pathogenesis, and then the patient’s body is on the mend, and with the right approach, the final healing comes in a week. 90003 90002 It is important to understand that this is extremely dangerousdisease — rotavirus infection in the child, treatment can not be delayed.The danger of the pathological process is the dehydration of the body, which must be urgently prevented. That is why, if a child has characteristic signs of dehydration, he should be urgently hospitalized. Parents should be alerted to the following painful prerequisites: lethargy and inhibition of the baby, dryness of the mucous membranes and skin, as well as a fused fontanel in the baby. 90003 90002 So, if a rotavirus infection is found inof the child, the treatment consists in replenishing the lost fluid with the body, and therefore completely eliminating the dairy products from the diet, since lactose intolerance is observed in diarrhea of ​​the viral etiology .Children who are on artificial feeding, transferred to acidic mixtures, but breastfeeding is left. 90003 90002 From drugs prescribe Smecta andPolyphepan, where the first acts as a «protector» of the mucosa of the digestive tract, anesthetizes and finally eliminates diarrhea, but Polyphepan, being a natural enterosorbent, removes with feces not only pathogenic microorganisms, but also intoxication products. Antibacterial therapy in most clinical pictures is not used, but a plentiful drink is simply necessary for a young patient.In addition, to restore the water-salt balance as soon as possible, it is expedient to use Regidron or its analogues, since it contains the necessary potassium, sodium, citrates. A special diet is also prescribed. 90003 90002 The disease of «unwashed hands», even so calledrotavirus infection in the child. Treatment should include additional preventive measures. So, it is necessary to wash hands regularly with soap and use mostly boiled water. It is also necessary to handle all fruits and vegetables used.90003 .90000 Rotavirus: Causes and treatment 90001 90002 Rotavirus is a highly contagious virus that causes inflammation, or gastroenteritis, of the stomach and intestines. It can cause severe dehydration, and this can be fatal. 90003 90002 The virus can affect adults, but the most severe cases are among unvaccinated children aged from 3 to 35 months. Before 3 months, infants usually have immunity from their mother. 90003 90002 In the United States (U.S.), rotavirus used to be most common during the winter and spring months, but since the introduction of a vaccine, this is less consistent.90003 90002 Symptoms take about 2 days to appear after infection. 90003 90002 They include: 90003 90002 Profuse watery diarrhea may occur several times in a day. Vomiting and diarrhea can last from 3 to 8 days. 90003 90002 This can lead to dehydration, which can be dangerous. 90003 90002 Signs and symptoms of dehydration include: 90003 90018 90019 decreased urination 90020 90019 lethargy 90020 90019 dry or overly cool skin 90020 90019 absence of tears when crying 90020 90019 dry or sticky mouth 90020 90019 dry throat 90020 90019 sunken eyes 90020 90019 sunken fontanel, the soft spot on the head of an infant 90020 90019 extreme thirst 90020 90019 feeling dizzy on standing up 90020 90039 90002 A child may be unusually sleepy or fussy.90003 90002 After one infection, a repeat infection is possible. However, as immunity develops with each infection, subsequent cases are less severe. There may also be different strains of the virus. 90003 90002 Most adults build up immunity during childhood, so they are less susceptible to rotavirus. 90003 90002 However, adults can catch it, especially if they have a compromised immune system, if they are traveling in a place where the virus is common, or if they are exposed to an epidemic.An adult can also catch the virus from a child. 90003 90002 90049 The dehydration that can result from rotavirus can be more serious than the infection itself. It is the most common cause of death in rotavirus cases. 90050 90003 90002 In 2013, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 215,000 children worldwide died due to rotavirus infection, mostly in developing countries. 90003 90002 There are different types of rotavirus, but five main strains are responsible for over 90 percent of rotavirus infections in humans.90003 90002 Rotavirus is mainly transmitted by the fecal-oral route. 90003 90002 The feces of an infected person can contain more than 10 trillion infectious particles per gram. Only between 10 and 100 particles are needed to transmit infection to another person. 90003 90002 A person can transmit the virus by not practicing good hand hygiene. Not washing the hands before eating or after using the bathroom can spread the virus. 90003 90002 Touching a surface that has been contaminated with rotavirus and then touching the mouth area can result in infection.90003 90002 Infections frequently occur in places where there is a high concentration of young children, such as nurseries and kindergartens. 90003 90002 The virus can live for several hours on the hands, and for longer on hard surfaces. 90003 90002 A stool test can detect rotavirus. 90003 90002 In a laboratory, enzyme immunoassay can detect the virus. 90003 90002 Licensed test kits are available that are sensitive, specific and detect all serotypes of rotavirus. 90003 90002 Symptoms normally disappear without treatment.90003 90002 A doctor should be consulted if: 90003 90018 90019 symptoms do not improve after a week 90020 90019 the individual has recently traveled abroad 90020 90019 there is blood or mucus in the stool 90020 90039 90002 The person should also visit a doctor if they already have a weakened immune system, due to a health condition, such as acute leukemia, or as a side effect of medical treatment, such as chemotherapy. 90003 90002 There is no specific cure for rotavirus, but it usually resolves within 7 days.However, treatment for dehydration is essential. 90003 90002 Suitable fluids are water or an oral rehydration solution (ORS). Fruit juices and carbonated drinks are not recommended. These can worsen their symptoms of diarrhea. 90003 90002 ORS usually comes in sachets that are available without a prescription as an over-the-counter preparation from a pharmacist. They help to replace salt, glucose and other important minerals that are lost through dehydration. 90003 90002 If a person vomits after drinking an ORS solution, they should wait 5 to 10 minutes before taking more.90003 90002 ORS should be ingested slowly, possibly a spoonful every few minutes, and every time the person passes a large volume of watery stool. 90003 90002 The exact amount of ORS depends on the size and weight of the individual. It is important to follow the instructions on the packet or those of the doctor or pharmacist. 90003 90002 If there is no sign or increased risk of dehydration, the person can consume what they normally would. In the case of infants, this includes breast milk, other milk feeds, and solids.90003 90002 In severe case of dehydration, hospitalization may be necessary, to provide intravenous fluids. 90003 90002 As far as possible, a person with rotavirus infection should stay away from other people until 48 hours have passed after the last episode of diarrhea and vomiting. 90003 90002 Children should learn from an early age to wash their hands thoroughly after using the bathroom and before eating. 90003 90002 The toilet bowl should be cleaned thoroughly with disinfectant after each episode of diarrhea and vomiting.90003 90002 Carers should wash their hands regularly, particularly after changing a diaper or cleaning bathrooms. The person’s towels, flannels, cutlery, and eating utensils should not be shared with other members of the household. 90003 90002 As with adults, children should not return to nursery or school until 48 hours have passed since the last episode of diarrhea and vomiting. 90003 90002 The person should not enter a swimming pool for the first 2 weeks after their last episode of diarrhea.Even if there are no symptoms, research has found that the rotavirus can spread to other children via the pool water. 90003 90116 Vaccination 90117 90002 Vaccination can help protect children from the virus. It is not 100 percent effective, but it will prevent severe infection in 9 out of 10 children, and it will prevent infection in 7 out of 10 children. 90003 Share on PinterestThe rotavirus vaccine is thought to prevent over 40,000 deaths per year. 90002 The vaccines are: 90003 90018 90019 RotaTeq (RV5), given in 3 doses at ages 2 months, 4 months, and 6 months 90020 90039 90018 90019 Rotarix (RV1), given in 2 doses at ages 2 months and 4 months 90020 90039 90002 The rotavirus vaccine was introduced in the U.S. in 2006. Before then, rotavirus was the main cause of severe diarrhea among infants and young children. and most children were affected by it before their fifth birthday. 90003 90002 This led to between 55,000 and 70,000 hospitalizations and 20 to 60 deaths each year. The vaccine is thought to prevent 40,000 to 50,000 hospitalizations each year. 90003 90002 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that: 90003 90002 90049 «For about the first year of an infant’s life, rotavirus vaccine provided 85-98 percent protection against severe rotavirus illness and hospitalization from rotavirus illness, and 74- 87 percent protection against rotavirus illness of any severity.»90050 90003 90002 Like all vaccinations, there is a chance of an allergic reaction in some children, and some adverse effects. Overall, however, the vaccination is considered «very safe.» 90003.